Saturday, August 31, 2019
Catholic Church from Apostolic times until the present Essay
The development of priesthood within the Catholic Church from Apostolic times until the present has resulted in various improvements and changes in the sacrament of holy orders. This paper traces the roots of priesthood, the duties and responsibilities of the ordained priest, and his forms and functions in the Catholic Church. One good excerpt is the saying from Spiderman: â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility.†We can replace the first word in the profession of priesthood and say: â€Å"With great faith comes great responsibility.†           What is the Catholic Priesthood? It is a divinely instituted sacrament that Christ Himself instituted as how the same Council of Trent explains in relation to the events of the Last Supper. â€Å"The Catholic priesthood is a state of life.†It follows logically on what the Church teaches–that the priesthood is a sacrament that imprints an indelible character. Given that fact it must also be to say the least a permanent state of life. That requires a special divine vocation. (Hardon, 1998)            Priesthood’s origin is from Jesus Christ, the great High Priest, who, according to the Hebrew Chapter of the Bible 7:26 and 8:2, â€Å"[w]as holy, blameless, unstained, separated from sinners of the world, exalted above heavens†¦a minister in the sanctuary which is set up not only by man but by the Lord.†Being the heavenly and high priest above all men, he offered himself as a sacrifice by being crucified on the cross and conferred his priesthood to his apostles (John 20:21-23; Matthew 28:19-20; Mark 16:15-18; and Acts 2:33, King James Version).            The unbroken chain of priesthood was passed on from the apostles of Christ to the first first ordained clergymen and through their successors. It was called an Apostolic Succession and was considered as a fundamental teaching on the Orthodox Church. Only through the Apostolic Succession can the clergymen receive the authority to become real representatives of Christ and the Apostles of the Church. (Orfanakos, 2008).            As successors of the Apostles and representatives of Christ in His Church, clergymen  continue the work of Jesus. They teach the word of God; offer the Holy Eucharist and administer the other sacraments; they govern the Church and take care of the spiritual needs of the members of their congregations. (Orfanakos, 2008).            Being a priest is never easy. It requires time and devotion, especially great spirituality. A man who is weak from temptation in doing earthly things and desires more cannot enter this vocation of lifetime devotion to faith.            Priesthood falls under the sacrament of Holy Orders wherein a man goes through ordination and decides to do their part in serving the Church and its people. It is a ministry of meditation between man and God above as he performs the following functions: forgiveness of sins, blessings and casting away evil spirits. Priesthood’s foundation began on the declaration of God about priesthood to St. Peter in the region of Caesarea Philippi: â€Å"To thee I shall give the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; And whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven†(Sacraments, 2008). This event also led to the formation of the priest’s responsibility: â€Å"Feed My lambs. Feed My sheep. Feed My ewes†(Sacraments, 2008). Its completion and perfection from that He breathed on them saying: â€Å"Receive ye the Holy Spirit; if ye forgive a man his sins, they are forgiven to him; and you withhold forgiveness of a man’s sins, they shall be held†. (Sacraments, 2008)            In the old times, priesthood was considered as one of generation’s and man’s own choice to go in such ministry wherein their way of living is not merely a basis. In contrast to the new Priesthood by Apostolic succession, Ordination involves laying of hands to those chosen people to become priest granted that a thorough examination of their past life before entering the congregation as well as their thoughts about God is done. Once they are found blameless, they are qualified and blessed to become priest all through their lives. Former priesthood was done by the use of Material oil but now, it is done through the spirit and laying on of hands (Sacraments, 2008).            According to the Assyrian Church of the east, there are certain qualities that a man must possess before entering priesthood. First he, must be blameless. If he was ever married, he should  never have committed adultery. he should also be â€Å"alert mentally, modest, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt at teaching; not given to wine, not hasty to strike, but patient, not quarrelsome, not greedy of lucre†(Sacraments, 2008). He should also be a great father, â€Å"[o]ne who rules well his own house, having his children under submission to bring them up with all purity†(Sacraments, 2008). He should also a devote Catholic since birth. Similarly, deacons should also maintain a life of purity (Sacraments,2008).            A clear examination of conscience should be done by men who desire to enter this lifetime vocation. According to St. Paul, â€Å"choosing priesthood is desiring to have a good work with the spirit of God†(Fitzgerald, 1996). Once the decision is made, the full conviction of giving special service to the church and the people of God is expected from people who are ordained as priests.            Based on the Apostolic Customs of the church, there are three major orders of priesthood: Bishops, Priests and Deacons, each of which requires a special ordination. The Bishop is viewed as the successor of the Apostles while the Priest and the Deacon act in the name of the Bishop. Each order is distinguished by its pastoral responsibilities. Only a Bishop may ordain. Often, other titles and offices are associated with the three orders. The Orthodox Church permits men to marry before they are ordained. Since the sixth century, Bishops have been chosen from the celibate clergy (Fitzgerald, 1996).            Bishop is the highest order of priesthood. The name episcopos was given to the successors of the Apostles (Acts 20:28; 1 timothy 3:1-2; Titus 1:7, King James Version). The term â€Å"episcopos†means overseer and is also called as the Archpriest. This makes him the chief of the priest within a specific territory. There are many bishops worldwide and they are all equal among themselves since they own the same degree of priesthood. However, they are graded in their titles which depend on their administrative power.            Priest occupies the second order of the Holy Priesthood. He is in charge of the community to which he gives spiritual services and where he administers all the sacraments, except ordination. He is the main celebrant during the Eucharist and leads the whole community of God into prayer and blesses them in the name of the Lord .            The third order belongs to the Deacon or â€Å"diakonos†which means assistant (Matthew 20:26; Acts 6:1-7 King James Version). His main responsibility is to assist the priest during the celebration of sacraments and other church services. He often recites the litanies, gospel readings and other prayers .            The Catholic priesthood is an institution necessary for Christianity. According to Fr. Hardon (1998), without priesthood, Christianity would cease to exist. If there is no priesthood,   Jesus Christ would not be present in the Eucharist. It is also the duty of priests to give penance to sinners and anoint the sick and dying in the world. They are also the ones who reveal the divine truth to the world. â€Å"In a world without priesthood, Christianity would be a memory but no longer a reality. It would cease to exist on earth in this admittedly, difficult valley of tears†(Hardon, 1998). Controversies in Catholic Priesthood            The last part of this research discusses the office of priesthood as retrieved from the Jesus is Lord website which will give a clearer view of what the office of priesthood really is:            In the early 1970s, we who gloried in being priests were shocked to read the word of one of our best Roman Catholic Scripture scholars, Raymond E. Brown: When we move from the Old Testament to the New Testament, it is striking that while there are pagan priests and Jewish priests on the scene, no individual Christian is ever specifically identified as a priest. The Epistle to the Hebrews speaks of the high priesthood of Jesus by comparing his death and entry into heaven with the actions of the Jewish high priest who went into the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle once a year with a offering for himself and for the sins of his people (Hebrews 9:6-7).            But it is noteworthy that the author of Hebrews does not associate the priesthood of Jesus with the Eucharist or the Last Supper; neither does he suggest that other Christians are priests in the likeness of Jesus. In fact, the once-for-all atmosphere that surrounds the priesthood of Jesus in Hebrews 10:12-14, has been offered as an explanation of why there are no Christian priests in the New Testament period.            Later in the same chapter Brown argues for a priesthood like that of the Levitical class in the Old Testament. He makes his case for the development of such a doctrine by means of tradition. Even those of us who knew very little of the Bible knew that the Pharisees counted tradition superior to the clear Word of God. Brown did more to demolish the conviction that we were indeed priests than to ease our troubled minds.            Now I see that what Brown stated in the section quoted is biblically and absolutely true. Other than the royal priesthood, which applies to all true believers in Christ, there is no office of priesthood in the New Testament. Rather, as Hebrews states so clearly of the Old Testament priests, â€Å"And they truly were many priests, because they were not suffered to continue by reason of death: But this man, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood. Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them†(Hebrews 7:23-25)  â€Å"Unchangeable priesthood†means just that in the Greek: aparabatos means â€Å"nontransferable†. The reason it cannot be transferred to men is that its essence is Christ’s own, ..who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens†(verse 26). (Bennett, 2008)            There are many claims regarding the divinity and authenticity of Priesthood and being a priest. Depending on ones religion and belief, I can say that Priesthood is one noble job that will continuously challenge every man’s faith and their capacity to handle responsibility guaranteed by strong faith and conviction to God. References Bennett, Richard (2008) The Priesthood. Introduction to the Priesthood by a Converted Priest   retrieved January 15, 2008 from: http://www.jesus-is-lord.com/priestho.htm Fitzgerald, Thomas (1996). The Sacraments (Holy Orders). Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of      America Department of Religious Education. Retrieved, January 15, 2008 from:            http://www.annunciationwi.com/Main/Our_Faith_Articles/Sacraments.html Hardon, John A. (1998) What is the Catholic Priesthood. Inter Mirifica Archives. Retrieved      December 15, 2008 from:            http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Priesthood/Priesthood_020.htm Orfanakos, Peter (2008). The Sacrament of the Holy Priesthood. Retrieved, January 15, 2008    from: www.annunciationwi.com/Main/Our_Faith_Articles/Priesthood_Orfanakos.html Sacraments: Priesthood (2008). Assyrian Church of the East. Retrieved January 15, 2008 from:    http://www.assyrianchurch.com.au/priesthood.htm
Friday, August 30, 2019
Overcoming Baby Dumping in Malaysia Essay
I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, the cases of new born baby dumping and foetuses in Malaysia are rapidly increases. This make the Malaysian must take serious attention. To overcome this problem, the government should come out with several policies and programmes, the teenagers need to expose to the religious law and the teenagers should have strong determination to avoid from involving in this problem. II. Body A. One way to overcome this problem is the government should come out with several policies and programmes. 1 Implementing of sex education in the nation’s schools. a This idea has been proposed a few years ago but many people against this idea Actually, this idea already have in syllabus of school such as biology, Islamic Studies and physical education but it only in sub-topic.(Malaysian Digest,2009) b The teenagers can identify the good and bad when the sex education is introduce to the student. It can reduce the statistics of unprotected sexual intercourse, illegal pregnancy as they can get extra knowledge through sex education ( Nazni, 2012). i To encourage sex education in schools is to have an organized visit to a health care or contraceptive clinic as part of the curriculum ii Sex education prepares children and young people to become healthy and sexually responsible adults (Dr Milton Lum, 2010) c Teacher can teach the students about his or her body, benefit of responsible relationship, the effect of unplanned and unprotected sex.( Arabella, 2011) i. focus to the risk of sexual activity. 2 NGO setting up baby hatch at place which is high statistics of baby dumping cases. a According to the OrphanCare organization president, †I think if more hatches open, if they are more accesside and in different cities, we can save a few more life†, (NY Times,2008) b Mothers can bring their babies, usually newborn, at this place and leave them an in the safe place and easy to find this baby. (wikipedia.org) i. Like baby hatch in Petaling Jaya where the parents place the baby into a hatch, which has small door to open to incubator bed. The staff where will alert to the baby’s presence after the mother has left when the bell is ringing. 3 Classify baby dumping that leads to the death of babies as a crime that warrants the death sentence. a â€Å"The Cabinet has decided that the Home Ministry through the police, investigate these cases as murder when a baby dies,†said Women, Family and Community Development Minister Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil. (The Star,2010) i. The punishment for murder is death under section 302 of the Penal Code b â€Å"Police had always consider the dumping of babies either as murder or attempted murder†, said Inspector-General of Police Tan Sri Musa Hassan.(The Star,2010) B. Another way is the teenagers need to be exposed to the religious law. 1 At the context of religious belief, the act of free sex is prohibited.(The voice of youngster on baby dumping issues in Malaysia,2012) a Our religion, Islam guide us about do and don’t in a relationship. i. Have limitation when male and female are socialize together. ii. Allah says in Surrah Al-Israa’ ,verse 32: â€Å"Do not approach adultery, fornication is indeed an abomination and an evil way. b Premarital sex is forbidden under Shariah Law (Liz Gooch,2010) i. Penalty including sex up to three years in prison, a fine of RM 5000 2 Islam concern of five areas that should be take care(property, honour, mind, life and religion a Free sex opposite to honour and abortion is murder because taken the life of foetus (International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,2012) b Solutions to control the desire are marriage and fasting. (International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,2012) 3 The government need to reorganise back the tha syllabus of â€Å"Pendidikan Islam†or â€Å"Pendidikan Moral †to make the student more know about negative effect of baby dumping and free sex.(International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 2012) C. One other way is the teenagers should have strong determination to avoid from involving in baby dumping problem. 1. The teenagers especially girls need to know that their body is belong to them and no one has the right to touch it without permission(The Voice Of Youngster On Baby Dumping Issues In Malaysia,2012) a Say â€Å"no†to someone who asked you about sex. i give excuses when someone ask for sex. b The couples should respect women by not asking them for sex before marriage i women must be appreciated for those men who do not touch them before getting married c the girls must avoid to wear sexy clothes as it will lead to rise up the boys’ desire and passions to explore to his opposite gender. (The Voice Of Youngster On Baby Dumping Issues In Malaysia, 2012) 2. Teen usually do not think the effect of their action because they are easily influence by many factor such as pornographic materials in internet (Dr. Ismail Tamby,2012) a â€Å"Youth today can easily have access to pornography material online, even through their mobile phones†, Federal CID director Comm Datuk Seri Bakri Zinin.(The Star,2010) b Datuk Seri Bakri Zinin said since 2005, which numbered 472 as of August 2010,easy access and too exposed to porn and family problems have caused an increase in cases of baby dumping.(The Star,2010) III CONCLUSION The youth today need to know that baby dumping will make them a lot of trouble in their life .Therefor, they need to find alternative to avoid this problem despite the authorities already make a lot of way to reduce this problem among the society. IV REFERENCES Arebella.(2011). THE PREVENTIONS OF BABY ABANDONMNET, Retrieved from January 2, 2012 from http://baby-dumping.blogspot.com/ Liz Gooch (2010/8 December), Malaysia Struggles with Baby Abandonment Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/world/asia/09malay.html?pagewanted=2&ref=asia Nazni Noordin, Zaherawati Zakaria .et al (2012), International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 1,p 7, Retrieved from http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/74166668/voice-youngsters baby-dumping-issues-malaysia Nut Graph ( 2010 /26 August) A Stop to Baby Dumping, Retrieved from file:///F:/A%20stop%20to%20baby%20dumping.htme Nur Hazlizat bt Ibrahim (2010). Study on The Perception and Knowledge of Sexual Health Among Adolescents in UiTM Puncak Alam ,
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Discuss Merle Hodge’S Crick Crack Monkey As a Novel Essay
Merle Hodge born in 1944, in Trinidad is the daughter of an immigration officer. After studying at the Bishop Anstey’s high school of Trinidad, she obtained the Trinidad and Tobago Girls Island Scholarship in 1962 which led her to the university college of London. She obtained a degree in French and later in 1967 a Master Philosophy degree. Merle Hodge traveled a lot in Eastern and Western Europe and when she returned to Trinidad she started teaching French in junior schools. Later she obtained a post of lecturer at the University of the West Indies. In 1979, she started to work for the bishop regime and she was appointed director of the development of curriculum. In 1983, she left Grenada because the bishop was assassinated and she is now working for the Women and Development Studies at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad. She wrote the novel Crick Crack Monkey in 1970 where she deals with the theme of childhood in the West Indies. The main protagonist called Tee lives with Tantie who is a working class woman. She later goes to live with her aunt Beatrice and she faces a new and different world from that of her Caribbean world: â€Å"Hodge’s story is presented through the eyes of a black, lower class girl of Trinidad in the 1950s.†The whole story is one presented from one point of view: Tee’s. She is left alone by her father who goes abroad after the death of her mother and she has to live with her lower class Tantie where she learns about being independent. Later in the story her aunt Beatrice takes her and she then has to adapt herself to the ‘white’ world. She faces a lot of cultural and identity conflict as she does not really know where she belongs or what culture is wrong or right. â€Å"However, looking at the story of â€Å"crick crack monkey†through the eyes of a young white girl, rather than a young black girl, the reader might see the injustice and the ethnic discrimination that a black person must endure. She would not be accustomed to being called a â€Å"little black nincompoop†(Hodge 457), and she would most likely not have to suffer a physical beating with a ruler (Hodge 456)†Tee becomes the narrator and Hodge guides the reader through an â€Å"intensely personal study of the effects of the colonial imposition of various social and cultural values on the Trinidadian female.†Tee narrates the diverse problems in her life in such a way that it is often complicated to split up â€Å"the voice of the child, experiencing, from the voice of the woman, reminiscing; in this manner, Hodge broadens the scope of the text considerably.†It has often been seen that the British have used various techniques to influence the viewpoints of the Caribbean people. â€Å"The people’s self awareness, religion, language, and culture has coped with the influx of British ideals and in coping, the people have changed to appease the islands’ highly influential British population.†Crick Crack Monkey is made to be a novel dealing with the conflict of cultures that Tee has to accept. We first meet Tee when her mother dies and she is portrayed as being surrounded by people. She experiences ‘crowd-scenes’ where she has all her family and friends around her to give her support. At Tantie’s house, she had Tantie’s loud presence and when she was absent she had the presence of other children. This in a way is made to reflect the Caribbean culture where every one is warm and caring and where the people like to stay together and entertain social relationships: â€Å"As Yakini Kemp notes, â€Å"she [Tee] is moving progressively toward the development of a positive self-image while she resides with Tantie†(24). Tee is made to be independent and having a voice for herself in the Trinidadian society. She has a confident personality which has been molded by the culture in which she was living. These episodes where Tee is made to be surrounded by the people of Trinidad are made to contrast with the isolation and the loneliness which Tee is made to feel at her Aunt Beatrice’s place: â€Å"these scenes set up a contrast to the loneliness the narrator-protagonists will experience once removed from their original environment and placed into a Western or Western-aspiring one. What Marjorie Thorpe has said about Crick Crack Monkey thus can also be said for Bedford’s novel: â€Å"Throughout the novel Hodge contrasts the warmth and congeniality of Tantie’s household with the loneliness and isolation which Tee experiences at Aunt Beatrice’s†(36) In Crick Crack Monkey Hodge makes the isolation felt by Tee become associated with cultural alienation. She had always been said to belong to an extended family culture where she feels part of the family but the western culture makes her feel out of place and she thus feels alienated from both cultures at a certain point. This alienation process is depicted through the fact that Tee has to move from an Antillean culture to a supposedly European culture: â€Å"In this novel Merle Hodge presents the process of alienation by depicting Tee’s transition from a typical Antillean tradition to that of a pseudo-European culture.†Tee is made to balance herself between the culture of Tantie who gives her â€Å"the promise of staying on with the original culture of the Caribbean islands†and between Aunt Beatrice who gives her a prospect of another culture: â€Å"Aunt Beatrice offers the lure of abroad – a culture that Tee slowly becomes familiar with but does not b elong to.†It is seen that, while Tantie and Aunt Beatrice represent different perceptions of cultures which were present in the island, Ma, Tee’s Grandma, represents another culture. She is the one who tells the children â€Å"‘nancy†stories and she is near to the Tee’s African roots. Tee visiting her grandmother makes her realize that: â€Å"Ma’s sayings often began on a note of familiarity only to rise into an impressive incomprehensibility, or vice versa, as in ‘Them that walketh in the paths of corruption will live to ketch dey arse†. The three women in Tee’s life makes her realize that each one belongs to a class and a culture which is seemingly different from each other and Tee is unable to even understand the culture of her Grandmother so she becomes alienated from the African culture in a way. She is left with Tantee’s culture and with Aunt Beatrice’s culture where both culture makes her in a way lose her own identity . In Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack Monkey, Tee’s education is responsible for her internalization of the European or the western culture. It is found in the novel that even before Tee is made to go and live with her Anglicized Aunt Beatrice she has to learn about their culture where things which she has learned in her Caribbean culture does not exist â€Å"Books transported you always into the familiar solidity of chimneys and apple trees, the enviable normality of real Girls and Boys who went a-sleighing and built snowmen, ate potatoes, not rice, went about in socks and shoes from morning until night and called things by their proper names, never saying â€Å"washicong†for plimsoll or â€Å"crapaud†when they meant a frog. Books transported you always into reality and Rightness, which were to be found Abroad. (61)†It has often been seen that the colonial education was part of massive artillery to colonize the mind of the people and that this helped to consolidate the colonialists power and culture. It is said that the ‘whole educational apparatus was geared towards cultural domination by consent’ and that in a way it completely destroyed the culture and the cultural education of the colonized people. They were in fact alienated from their own culture through the colonized education and they were made to create an environment where they would desire the Eurocentric culture. This is in a way what happens to Tee who is made to feel alienated from her own culture by the colonial education she is given. Tee’s education thus in a sense puts her in an unbearable state: â€Å"since her own world does not have the same cultural referents as the one she is taught to regard as â€Å"correct,†she is forever trying to â€Å"catch up,†always seeing herself in terms of a world which can never be her own because it is always elsewhere.†She is always lacking in her acceptance of this culture: â€Å"her whole socialization process comes to affirm that however many of the cultural standards prescribed by the educational system, her teachers, or Aunt Beatrice she adopts, she always falls short  and so do her teachers and Aunt Beatrice, who are similarly caught in a cycle of self-denial and self-hatred.†Tantie representing the Caribbean culture warns Tee not to get carried by the colonialist instructions and this warning comes in time when Hodge introduces the teacher, Mr. Hinds who â€Å"is bent on living an English reality in the face of the facts of the Caribbean because he holds Englishness as the highest value in his life, and so it is not surprising that â€Å"[e]everyone knew that Mr. Hinds had been up to England†because he is eager to let everyone know about it. His devotion to the metropolis assumes a worshipful attitude illustrated by his â€Å"daily endeavor to bring the boys to a state of reverence†towards a â€Å"large framed portrait of Churchill†(24).†He makes the colonial education, the center of his teachings and what he teaches the students does not even include the Caribbean reality that the children are living. He tries to instill the English culture in the students: â€Å"from apples to Christmas to snow and the haystacks the children learn about in their school primers  who do not have any lived knowledge of England, thus attempting to erase Caribbeanness in them as it has been erased in him.†There is one passage which addresses the issue of language, identity and of culture. Mr. Hinds being irritated with his students says, â€Å"‘Here I stand, trying to teach you to read and write the English language, trying to teach confounded piccaninnies to read and write. . . . I who have marched to glory side by side with His Majesty’s bravest men  I don’t have to stand here and busy myself with . . . little black nincompoops†(29). This in a way reflects the culture which is often adopted by the western world where people think that the way you speak is a representation of yourself proposed by Ashcroft. The students are made to reject their local language to adopt the language of the colonizer and the†use of the language highlights cultural specificity†when the vernacular language is inserted in the novel. The very rendering of the vernacular in written English gives it equal status to â€Å"mainstream†English and linguistically symbolizes an act of resistance and a cultural alternative – Creole culture  that, in the plot of the novel, is marked by a relative wholeness when juxtaposed to Mr. Hinds’ and Aunt Beatrice’s self-alienation, which is expressed in the above passage through Mr. Hinds’ concern with having his students learn â€Å"proper†English. According to Frantz Fanon: â€Å"Every colonized people  in other words, every people in whose soul an inferiority complex has been created by the death and burial of its local cultural originality  finds itself face to face with the language of the civilizing nation; that is, with the culture of the mother country. The colonized is elevated above his jungle status in proportion to his adoption of the mother country’s cultural standards. He becomes whiter as he renounces his blackness, his jungle. (18)†Mr. Hinds is the representation of the colonized man who tries to act white. He creates walls between himself and the children where he is in a way rejecting his own blackness and is trying to make them accept the culture of the colonized through language: â€Å"attempting to make them like himself, with language as a primary standard of culture, he also tries to prove his own cultural â€Å"redeemability,†the possibility of becoming English.†Tantie represents the Caribbean culture and thus she tries to preserve it in Tee. It seems that the culture in which Tee is living is mixed with the European culture and there are many agents of ‘westernization’ which are present in the society. Mr. Hinds seems only to be a puppet who has been employed to prepare Tee for her awaiting life at the household of Aunt Beatrice: â€Å"it is for good reason that Tantie warns Tee of such indoctrination in the vernacular, since the vernacular is the only cultural basis for Tantie (and potentially for Tee) from which to launch a defense.†The novel shows that the children have to go to Aunt Beatrice’s place in order to obtain the proper education and Tantie has to let the children live with Aunt Beatrice. In a way she knows that the colonial education and system is all that matters to succeed in the world. It seems that Aunt Beatrice’s westernized house is the only ‘proper’ place for the children to stay because it contains all the cultural values of the Europeans. At her arrival there it is immediately shown how the world of aunt Beatrice is different when Tee’s and Todan are made fun of because of their clothes and color: â€Å"Not only color and features are under scrutiny concerning their similarities and dissimilarities to European beauty standards, but so are clothes, as Tee finds out when her cousins inspect her wardrobe soon after her (second) arrival: â€Å". . . We are shown how with the phenomenon of â€Å"double consciousness,†Du Bois’ term: â€Å"While Du Bois speaks of African Americans looking at themselves through the eyes of racist whites, Tee looks at herself through the eyes of her cousins, who have so thoroughly imbibed a British colonialist world view that nothing appears to exist resembling even remnants of a Caribbean identity.†makes Tee feel aware of her color and of her clothes as compared to her colonized cousins. When Tee had gone to Aunt Beatrice’s place the first time, she used to beat up her cousins and later on when she goes there again she is in a way crippled by her education and through her indoctrination of the standards of the European culture. The first time she had Tantie’s culture fully present in her, she had all her Caribbeaness in her and had not been made aware that she has to judge herself by the standards of others and that the European culture was the scale along which she should judge herself and her achievements: â€Å"Tee has already been indoctrinated into standards of â€Å"Reality and Rightness†and she recognizes her cousins as being closer to the Anglophile standards instilled in her, quelling the resistance against their denigration that was still available to her when she drew her world view and strength from Tantie’s cultural orb.†In this new world which is different from the world of Tantie, all that represents the African culture is denigrated and shown to be insignificant. Aunt Beatrice in every way makes Tee feels that the white world and culture is supreme and the clothes she had brought is seen as ‘niggery’ and everything connected with Europeans is adorned and there is the example of the photograph of the ‘white ancestress: â€Å"Such veneration of â€Å"white blood†illustrates that Aunt Beatrice does not merely admire and strive to emulate English culture, but that her Anglophilia is ultimately rooted in racist and Darwinist beliefs in the superiority of bloodlines and â€Å"races.†Thus, in her eyes, African ancestry in and of itself is a liability, not merely African culturally acquired styles and behaviors. This explains her manic attempt to erase everything in herself, in her daughters, and in Tee, reminiscent of such ancestry†. She is in a way trying to ali enate the Caribbean culture in Tee just as Mr. Hinds had tried to do. Tee is made to feel alienated from the world she used to know. In this new world she is made to feel powerless and she feels that she cannot cope when she has to speak or when she dresses as she cannot and is not fully accepted in this Europeanized world of her cousins: â€Å"As Ketu Katrak has said, â€Å"Beatrice cultivates bourgeois values that despise blackness in every form  skin color, speech patterns, food†(66), and this is a legacy from which Tee cannot escape†. She does not belong to the culture of Tantie anymore and nor does she belong to the culture of the Aunt Beatrice ad she only feels torn between the two. This is shown when she cannot accept the food brought to her by Tantie and: â€Å"The final scene demonstrates that Tee now lives between the worlds, not belonging to either. Unable ever to be accepted fully into Aunt Beatrice’s household and Englishness, she is also alien to Tantie’s world.†Ketu Katrak says that â€Å"Colonized people’s mental colonization through English language education, British values, and culture result in states of exclusion and alienation. Such alienations are experienced in conditions of mental exile within one’s own culture to which, given one’s education, one un-belongs.†(62) Tee has received an education and a western culture which is very much unlike the culture of Tantie and which in a way makes her feel the dullness of her Caribbean culture and of Tantie’s world. Tee feels alienated and marginalized since the time she has started to learn the European culture and she did not feel this before in Tantie’s household. Tee’s alienation leads her to hopelessness and feelings that she is unworthy of living: â€Å"(Thorpe 37): â€Å"I wanted to shrink, to disappear. . . . I felt that the very sight of me was an affront to common decency. I wished that my body could shrivel up and fall away, that I could step out new and acceptable†(97). Though she does not actually contemplate killing herself, her self-hatred and eagerness to assimilate are the cultural equivalent of suicide.†Tee is found without a culture and ‘Aunt Beatrice’s self-negating and self-hating cultural influence’ on her seems to destroy her identity. Tee is unable to live in both culture and the novel: â€Å"thus ends on an ironic note: to save Tee, who is unable to return to the Caribbeanness she has known in Tantie’s household through having become socialized in the worship of Englishness, Tantie sends her to the ultimate source of this cultural negation: to the metropolis, to England†â€Å"Hodge goes to great pains to portray the cultural bankruptcy of playing monkey to the Great White Ancestor. In this important respect, the narrative, which in the fiction a mature Tee relates, places considerable vaule on the vulnerable African oral culture that so easily succumbs to the power of the written†. Crick Crack Monkey ending gives us a hope for Tee who goes to London and â€Å"The goal of the novel, it seems, is not to idealize a lost African past but to reveal the cultural sovereignty of Trinidad.†BIBLIOGRAPHY: Web sites: * BILL CLEMENTE: The A, B, C’s of Alienation and Re-Integration : Merle Hodge’S Crick Crack Monkey * httpClemente.htm * httpcrick crack monkey study guide.htm * The Two Worlds of the Child: A study of the novels of three West Indian writers; Jamaica Kincaid, Merle Hodge, and George Lamming * httpJamaica Kincaid, Merle Hodge, George Lamming.htm * Two Postcolonial Childhoods:Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack, Monkey and Simi Bedford’s Yoruba Girl Dan * http Jouvert 6_1 – 2 Martin Japtok, Two Postcolonial Childhoods Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack, Monkey and Simi Bedford’s Yoruba Girl Dancing.htm * http merle.htm books: * HODGE ,MERLE. Crick Crack, Monkey. Andre Deutsch, 1970; London: Heinemann, 1981; Paris: Karthala, 1982 (trans. Alice Asselos-Cherdieu). Lectures: * Lectures by Mrs. MAHADAWO on Island Literatures.
Essentials of Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Essentials of Marketing - Case Study Example Hence the founders of Innocent have ensured that the product speaks for itself about the company and the brand name. Unlike the service sector, Innocent is not customer centric, however the product is developed with the customer expectations in mind and the quality of the product acts as the promotional factor (Jobber, 2004). The denial of Innocent to be exported to countries where it is not possible to transport overnight indicates the importance given to the product specifications. Though the cost of the product is substantially high, the entire cost goes into the product unlike other brands in the same sector that have a huge advertising spend. Currently, Innocent does not have any loyalty programs or other customer centric costs, unlike other companies. The main reason is that Innocent has based its marketing strategy on the product quality and belief that the customers who are satisfied with the product will definitely come back for more (Groonroos, 1994). On the contrary, the s ervice sector stresses on customer loyalty programs in order to build a relationship with the customer. This result in added costs for the company which then goes into the price of the product or service provided (Fisk et al, 2000). Innocent is a product oriented brand and has given due consideration to the tra... However the marketing mix is unique and it has focussed on each of the four P s in varying degrees. Innocent, due to its unique business model, has utilized the 4 Ps, i.e., Product, Promotion, Price and Place to create an integrated marketing mix. The product has been developed after heavy thoughts on market demands and customer expectations. The product has been given the most importance and all the other marketing strategies revolve round the product (Hakansson and Waluszewski, 2005). The company has positioned itself in the market as a high quality smoothies brand. The Price reflects the product quality and the position in the market. Unlike other brands in the sector, Innocent does not add sugar or preservatives, and produces products with higher amounts of fresh fruit pulp. Innocent justifies this high price by indicating that the product is purely natural and that it is similar to home made smoothies. The promotion strategies are aligned with the product and its price, thus emphasizing its position in the market (Evans and Moutinho, 1999). The advertisement spend is very less comparatively, which again reflects that fact that the cost of the smoothies are completely covered by the product and that the company does not charge the customers for the advertising spend (Dobni and Luffman, 2000). The company has grown internationally, but still emphasis is given to the uniqueness of the product. Hence it is exporting strategy is clearly designed to export to countries which can be reached overnight, as the product life is shorter due to the absenc e of preservatives. Thus it is evident that Innocent has cleverly utilized the four Ps in creating an unique integrated
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
All forms of government welfare should be abolished Essay - 2
All forms of government welfare should be abolished - Essay Example There are many ways through which this facility provided by the government is being abused even though there have been protections placed and filtering has been initiated in the recent times. A great example of abusing this facility is when mothers give birth to children just so that they can surplus the amount they receive from the government which increases their welfare checks. There are many perspectives from which we can view this, firstly women who give birth to babies considering it to be attractive as they get the charm of spending the money on themselves. Secondly, those women who bore many children and are dependent on aid are considered to be a bad choice. This is one of the biggest problems with our prevailing system; this is the charm which encourages women to become pregnant as it brings a raise of amount in their welfare money each month, which becomes a very good amount annually. Thus these benefits provided by the government are being brutally abused when the money t hat is provided by government is not used to nurture the infant born. This greed does not end here but continues when such mothers who give birth on a constant pace and are completely relying on the aid provided by the government to sustain their living. This system was developed to help the people who are in need but now it has been adopted by many individuals who cannot get over the addiction of free income. This develops a negative approach as well which encourages such people not to look for work opportunities. as that would deprive them from their free earning. The purpose behind establishing welfare aid programs was to help the needy during their difficult times not to generate lifelong income. (Segal, 10) The government has particularly made these welfare systems very engaging, they act as a catalyst in stopping people from work who were initially motivated and self-dependent. This system will continue till the time those people who are unemployed become motivated to earn the ir own living than being dependent on the government programs. This system is merely a curse which restricts people from hard work and physical labor and eventually sucks the money out of the hardworking people. Why such programs are a risk to progress? One of the many reasons why the government should stop such welfare programs as the requirements that are set on checks are cause immense strain on the government programs that are merely for the working class. The major and the most precise example of this is the social security. The money that is being used by such welfare prog
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Is it better to think about commitment deficit as a projection by Essay
Is it better to think about commitment deficit as a projection by politicians, rather than as a true reflection of Australia - Essay Example There is the possibility of reorganizing or refunding debts of the federal government. In order to take these steps, there needs to be evaluation and assessment of refunding or reorganization of debts. A good way that the federal government could reorganize or refund its debts obligation is whereby the city’s administrators highlight upon the debts with high interest rates. These types of debts can hamper the government’s ability to perform other financial duties or obligations. Therefore, refunding would imply that the government would add new debt to the existing debt kitty. In turn, the government would be forced to increase debt in order to facilitate payments of both interest and the existing debts. If the government’s new debt can be increased at high interest rate, this would offer economic prosperity and other possible benefits may be realized in case the interest rates decrease such as transforming the conditions of the debt that may permit the local gov ernment of Seattle to revise their payment plan that may assist with short-term budget demands2. Refunding debts to substitute a lower interest rate may poses some economic merits, if other transformations are made, like term, there is a probability that there will be a net rise in the debt costs over the debt’s term3. ... The federal government may provide financial help in quarterly or annual terms. Another alternative is for the city to try to maximize revenues gathered. It is true that a budget is an itemized summary of intended expenditures of a certain period with proposals for financing them. Further, I concur that budget deficit are inevitable because of spending usually outweighs income. This in turn makes the government to increase taxes, raise debt ceilings, consolidate public debt, and decrease spending. In order to avoid spending, it is rational to include major budget cuts in departments such as The Executive Office of the President, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of State and Department of Treasury and department of Defense. Government is spending more than it is bringing in. This practice usually plunge it in financial crisis. As we can see, debt can only ruin you, whether it is in your household, city, or nation. In addition, in order to avoid debts or bankrupt cy, we make sure to pay our credit cards and we really try not to take out loans for school and vehicles. If an individual were to run a deficit on his or her household that implies that, an individual is spending more than he or she is making. Consequences for this would be bankruptcy, credit destroyed, and our house and vehicles could be taken away. It is significant to note that in order to avoid debts or bankruptcy it is rational to introduce budget cuts in every department, as this will reduce spending5. Policies, which are commonly considered for reducing a current account deficit 1. Devaluation This is where the value of the currency against other currencies is reduced. When this is utilized, there is an increase in the price
Monday, August 26, 2019
Energy Supply and Demand and Future Growth Essay
Energy Supply and Demand and Future Growth - Essay Example This essay stresses that a challenge for Asia primarily to meet the growing demand for energy in the future in a sustainable manner. Unfortunately, however, these countries own only 1% of the world energy resources and thus must rely on imports. The good news is that these countries have abundant resources to generate energy from renewable resources. This, nevertheless, requires huge investments in energy infrastructure- about $1.1 trillion- in addition to another investment of $390 billion to meet the energy requirements between 2008 and 2030. This paper makes a conclusion that the future of the energy markets rest entirely on how the world will respond to the global growing needs of energy though the task is very difficult. Implementation of commitment, anyhow, is the key to the solution for countries individually as well globally. Therefore, a large scale action is required to achieve global energy supply targets. The use energy has bestowed man with the coziness and contentment of the modern technological world. The comforts and the gains from the ever-improving technology, nonetheless, rest on how the world answers the question of shortfalls in the energy supply. Importantly at first, all the countries need to realize the importance of energy conservation. Secondly, more and more alternative sources must be discovered to provide energy abundantly at the lowest possible cost. Ultimately, the world needs to act collectively to gain the advantages of combined resources, knowledge and technologies.
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Professional Practice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Professional Practice - Case Study Example presents an interesting case due to its initiation stages and a number of challenges that it has gone through to the current level where it is not only the art, but also the great spots that are located at different places in the island which acts as the attractive features. The Naoshima project presents a case that is comparable to other projects which have been carried out in the recent past. The comparable project, in this case, is the architectural design practice that I have set up with my fellow Cambridge post-graduate, and the practice has received potential clients since its initiation and has closed down on a number of deals most of which have given the practice a stable workload and are similar to the Naoshima island project. The project that has been carried out by the practice is similar to the Naoshima project because they both have features that have made them notable and identified within the historical timeline. The identifiable elements between the two projects includes their similar method of construction and building materials, and other elements such as the form that has been adopted in the construction process. The style that has been adopted in the architectural designs being carried out can be described as post-modern. The architectural designs have included changes being carried out gradually as a way of allowing architects to adapt to the new ideas, and these styles have on several occasions been a rebellion of the styles that had existed before. The case of Naoshima Island involved a proposal that was made which entailed an agreement being reached to allow modern architectural practices to be applied and turn the island into an attractive site for tourism due to the establishment of the many contemporary museums2. The changes had the sleepy fishing community being turned into a home of impressive art collection that turned the place into an attractive site for touring. The analysis of the Naoshima Island compares to the project that has
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Nullity of a Company in English Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Nullity of a Company in English Law - Case Study Example The essay will then discuss whether such concept is used in English Law as illustrated through cases. Lastly, the essay will then assess, based on the use or lack of usage of the concept of nullity on English Law whether there is a need for such concept. Nullity is a concept that renders an entity, in this case a company, insignificant and non-existent, such that any act made by or in behalf of that company will be rendered invalid as well. This declaration, as recognised by the First Council Directive 68/151/EEC ('First Directive'), is imperative to protect the company in question and their shareholders, as well as third parties that transact with them because of the possible retroactive effect it will have on these parties' actions. Hence, as called for by the First Directive, countries must limit the cases of nullity to decisions by a court of law, and on the grounds that (a) that no instrument of constitution was executed or that the rules of preventive control or the requisite legal formalities were not complied with; (b) that the objects of the company are unlawful or contrary to public policy; (c) that the instrument of constitution or the statutes do not state the name of the... al to be paid up; (e) the incapacity of all the founder members; (f) that, contrary to the national law governing the company, the number of founder members is less than two.1 In this sense, the concept of nullity of a company, as proposed by the First Directive, has a two-fold objective: it is meant to protect companies from trivial and unlawful declarations of nullity, which can be to the detriment of its operations by limiting the grounds for declaring it; and it is meant to protect a company's creditors, as well as the public, by preventing transactions for unlawful and fraudulent acts of unregistered or unlawfully registered companies. Thus, the effect of such declaration is a crucial aspect of company law because companies, as an artificial legal entity, have legal rights and obligations, which will be rendered null and void upon declaration of nullity. The status of companies as a legal entity is embodied in the company's corporate personality, which as stated in Salomon v. Salomon & Co (1897), a company in compliance with regulations of the Companies Acts are distinct legal entities, capable of incurring debts, limiting the liability of its members to the amount invested as prescribed by the companies Act.2 Thus, by virtue of its corporate personality, a company's shareholders and members, as a consequence, have limited liabilities. In addition, a company's corporate personality also accords to it the capacity to enter into legal contractual relations with other persons.3 However, while companies have limited liabilities to its shareholders, its shareholders are also limited in their ownership, such that they do not have ownership of the company's assets, as well.4 In this regard, it is important to note that not all companies have limited liability. As
Friday, August 23, 2019
Statement of Purpose for university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Statement of Purpose for university - Essay Example I took the Nemune Dolati junior high school examination at the tender age of 11 years. At the age of 11 and 14 years, I obtained the first rank among all the primary and junior high school students in the painting competition of the province. I had always been keenly interested in industrial design, and this developed into a passion by the time I reached high school. Accordingly, I selected mathematics and physics at high school, in order to obtain a firm grounding in the fundamentals of industrial design. In the nationwide entrance examination of state universities, I stood 1,058 out of the 150,000 total participants. This enabled me to gain admission to the Islamic Art University of [city], which constitutes one of the most prestigious art universities of Iran. The extensive nature of the syllabus of the undergraduate studies undertaken by me at the Islamic Art University of [city], served to provide me with a comprehensive exposure to the core areas of industrial design. In addition, I obtained a strong conceptual understanding of these core areas. During the course of my undergraduate studies, I attended a number of workshops. Some of these had involved working with wood, metal, and plastics. To my great fortune, the Islamic University of [city] has been blessed with state of the art workshops. Moreover, these workshops have been supervised by highly skilled and experienced professors. This exposure rendered me conversant with the rudiments of craftwork and design. Due to my keenness to learn, I completed most of the projects stipulated by my professors. This raised my esteem with them, and they rewarded my perseverance by making me a teaching assistant for the Creativity course. This course had been prescribed for the students of the Industrial Design Department, and was for a duration of four semesters. During my last semester of study, I commenced to assist the Leather Design group in my university, as it was my intention to set up
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Twister Party Essay Example for Free
Twister Party Essay Do you have the game of Twister sitting on your shelf collecting dust or buried in your basement gathering cobwebs? It’s time to dust it off and revive an old party classic. Twister is back and better than ever if you have the right mindset and group of friends to play along. With several newer versions of the old game now available, you can even learn to dance as you play this all time favorite. However, if you haven’t even played the basic version of the classic game, here is all you need to do for you and your college buddies to have a fun and entertaining evening.  You need to get the right group of friends together, play the game correctly, have the right mindset! Twister players come in all shapes and sizes, but they have one thing in common. They all love to play the game. Find out which of your friends enjoy playing. Those who say that they don’t, ask them to consider or at least to come over and watch and hang out while a group of more willing participants play. By the end of the night, they should be hooked and ready to play.  If not, you at least have someone who can be the spinner, or if you have the dance version, the person who watches to see who messes up, â€Å"the judge†. The right group of friends will enjoy playing whatever form of Twister you choose and will probably even be willing to come up with new twisted versions of the game. Having a group of friends who are ready and willing to play is the first step in playing Twister.            Once you have your group of friends gathered, let the fun begin! Playing Twister is very simple. One player is the spinner, and he or she will spin the spinner. The spin board has right hand, left hand, right foot and left foot on it with different colored circles, similar to the board. Each player starts at a home row and then must do what the spinner calls out. For example, if the spinner lands on right hand and a red circle, the players must all place their right hands on a red circle. You cannot share circles and sometimes circles are far away, so this game involves some stretching and sometimes compromising body positions and contortions. The first person to get stuck or who is not able to move or who falls down loses. Players continue to â€Å"twist†their bodies all over the plastic mat until the best player is left standing, or rather sprawled across the board.            In order to fully enjoy your night of Twister, you must have the right mindset. If it is a game of skill you seek, make sure you stretch before hand so you are nimble and able to reach those hard to contort to positions. If you are using the dance version, brush up a bit before hand and make sure you’re warmed up before beginning, but remember, it’s all about fun and skill, unless you’re in it for cash. Then it’s cutthroat! If you’re playing something more risquà ©, be sure you feel comfortable in such a position and that you are ready for this type of action. You know that it get’s pretty close and tangled in a game of Twister!            The game of Twister is making a comeback, like many old toys and games. This old classic is still a party favorite and you can revive it with your friends and have wonderful Twister parties if you have the right group of people, know how to play, and have the right mindset.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Organizational Behavior-No Fair Pay In This Place Essay Example for Free
Organizational Behavior-No Fair Pay In This Place Essay The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivational effects of pay level on worker performance. It is discusses some of the elements that contributed to the employees in Western Satellite office to express feelings of inequality. Some of these elements include academic qualifications, educational background, just to mention but a few. The paper also tackles some of the reasons why the New York worker is considered a ‘comparison other’ as opposed to the worker in Seattle. Moreover, the paper explores how the issue of inequality in the case- no fair pay in this place was either resolved or not. For instance, we find in this case that this issue was not resolved. Last but not least, the paper also examines some of the other factors that may have contributed to the dissatisfaction that was experience by the two workers. Some of these factors include; lack of communication, culture, lack of adaptability, lack of empathy, just to mention but a few. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the case study that revolves around no fair pay in the workplace and the fact that employees working from different cities receive different numerations irrespective of how much responsibility one has within the organization, their academic qualifications and the years of experience within the industry in which they are operating. (Armstrong, 2006, p. 62) Question One What are some of the elements which contributed to the employees feelings of inequality? These include educational background, years of experience, responsibilities that one has and last but not least academic qualifications. The employees were stressed with the kind of work they had to perform such as having heavy load of unhappy clients and their urgent demands, complaining customers, just to mention but a few. (Meredith, 2004, p. 2) Susan was hired based on her degree in Business Administration. She was responsible in planning, problem solving and supervising a number of employees and this included Dan Donaldson, a public relations spokesperson of the company. However, despite all these responsibilities, she received a remuneration of $30,000 per annum. This was very disappointing since she had 20 years of customer relations and supervisory know-how, not to mention the current degree that she had received in business. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) On the contrary, Helen who was based at the headquarters in New York received $40,000 in only ten months as opposed to 12. This made Susan furious since she had no customer contact, no university education, no one to supervise and no seniority. In a nutshell, Helen had an annual salary of $48,000. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Pay determination may possibly have one or more objectives, which may frequently be in conflict with each other. The primary is equity, and this may take numerous forms. They comprise income distribution through reduction of inequalities, defending real earnings (purchasing power), and the notion of equal pay for work of equivalent value. Moreover, pay differentials based on differences in skills are all associated to the idea of fairness. (Deckop, 2006, p. 65) Performance pay systems in organizations are based on assessment of the personality worker, often by their line administrator who may or may not be experienced in process. Performance pay is extensively renowned as contributing to pay inequalities, predominantly in this case (New York and Seattle). (Culbert, 1996, p. 68) Question Two Why the New York worker was considered a ‘comparison other’ but not the worker in Seattle? The New York worker was considered a ‘comparison other’ because the front lines of the job were in Seattle where the client based was centered and the services were rendered. Moreover, employees at Seattle received heavy load of unhappy clients and their urgent demands while she contentedly remained in her comfort zone that was stress free. Research has recommended that some individuals are more flourishing in their careers than others even when they have had equivalent learning and experimental opportunities. One clarification for these disparities may possibly relate to differences between intellectual intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ). IQ measures academic competencies or one’s aptitude to use acquaintance in making decisions and adapting to innovative situations. This can best be illustrated with Helen who works in at the headquarters in New York. However, as much as she is based in New York, all the tasks are carried out in Seattle, and this means that she is not using the little experience and experimental opportunities that she acquired to perform her duties. (Lamal, 1991, p. 72) On the other hand, EQ is a measure of expressive and societal competencies or one’s aptitude to recognize expressive expressions in someone and others. Even though both can be enhanced through training and altered over time, EQ is separate from IQ in that it is one’s aptitude to standardize emotions in reaction to ecological stimulus. EQ has been popularized as an educated skill that is a superior interpreter of life success than intellectual achievement or technological aptitude. This can best be illustrated with Susan and Dan Donaldson who had superior performance, academic achievements, work experience and interpersonal skills. They had to deal with resolving customers issues on a daily basis while Helen and her fellow workers who were based in New York sat and waited for the final produce that came from Seattle. (Harris, 2001, p. 78) The workplace surroundings idea also sees entity firm level performance such as efficiency, productivity, efficiency and competitiveness; as a result of not only the sufficiency supply of human resources with suitable skills, but also a workplace surroundings that incessantly optimizes the use of these skills throughout the way work is intended and prearranged, the suitability, access and association of supports and tools to do the work, the association of decision making, rewards and appreciation for performance. The New York worker is considered a ‘comparison worker’ as opposed to the worker in Seattle since she lacks interpersonal skills, academic achievements, superior performance, just to mention but a few. Despite all these, she is considered the best just because she is based at the head office located in New York. (Bate, 1994, p. 81) On the other hand, the Seattle worker who has all the necessary qualities such as work experience, interpersonal skills and academic qualifications; is looked down upon just because she is operating in Seattle. (Meredith, 2004, p. 2) Question Three How was the inequality resolved? The inequality was not resolved at all. As a matter of fact, once Mr. James commented that nobody said that it was fair and rather, that was how the staff in New York are remunerated, that was the end of the discussion. Mr. James did not validate his statement, neither did he explain why that was the case. Instead, he was interested in how Susan found out about Helen’s salary. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Participation in the labor force is usually regarded as an important measurement of equality. Having a job is significant to individuals. Jobs are a numerically important starting point for livelihoods. They are also significant proportions of social respect, acknowledgment, individuality and self esteem. Even though the sources and solutions for increasing inequality are multifaceted and open to dispute, the corporeal and psychosomatic penalties are real and straightforward. (Mathis, 2006, p. 99) It is understandable that we require more than legislation, bylaw and exacting programs to generate a diverse workforce usual in association. We also need customs of understanding the challenges. This mean examination of ‘what goes wrong’. Both the need for continuous coercive dealings and the phenomena of the turning door or equity tell us regarding the pervasive and systemic character of the status quo in workforce composition and in the organization and conduct of business and government. (Max, 204, p. 104) When individuals talk concerning inequality, they tend to center completely on the proceeds part of the equation. According to the case- no fair pay in this place, there is the gap between the employees in New York and Seattle and this is based on remuneration amongst the employees. (Armstrong, 2006, p. 8) The verification of increasing disparity in the United States and around the globe is both obvious and disturbing. As power, capital, and probability are increasingly concerted in the hands of the extremely few, this age of â€Å"haves†and â€Å"have not†is connected with a wide range of unenthusiastic outcomes for faraway too countless. A good illustration is seen in the case-no fair pay in this place, where Western Satellite Office workers are experiencing inequality problems based on remuneration since they are not based in New York where the head office is situated. They are the ones who experience customer service problems since each and every customer wants to be served and at the end of the day, they feel so stressed and worn out, yet when it comes to remuneration they receive less than what the worker in New York receive. This is not fair since the worker in New York doesn’t experience the pressure that the Seattle worker receives. (Lamal, 1991, p. 106 Question Four What are the other factors which may have contributed to the dissatisfaction experienced by these two workers? Culture A managerial culture affects how the company performs. Culture is the behavior of a group of individuals. This consists of; the beliefs, civilization, acquaintance and practices. Individuals depend on it for security, evenness and the ability to act in response in a given circumstance. (Harris, 2001, p. 92) According to this case, the reason why Helen and Susan received different remuneration was because Helen was situated at the head office in New York. This was the culture of that organization that was based on the location of the city. Therefore, Susan having been situated at Seattle was bound on her $30,000 per annum, and this was regardless of her qualifications. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Lack of Communication Generally, lack of communication on the part of the boss contributes to the displeasure among the workers in the association. Communication problems are a purpose of message and organizational procedure, and managerial factors. Effectual communication of performance requirements to all workers will reduce the number of complaints and grievances. Nonattendance of this communication domino effect in workers not performing. For instance in our case, when Susan was about to present her case, Mr. James had already predicted and he simply brushed the matter off by making a comment concerning the issue. He didn’t give room for discussion concerning that matter; neither did he give an explanation nor a satisfactory solution. This resulted to laxity among the workers in the western satellite office. (Bate, 1994, p. 98) By not communicating well enough, Mr. James avoided to get into dialogue concerning important issues such as, the reason why employees in New York receiving a higher pay as opposed to employees in Seattle. This made him appear unavailable and uncaring to Susan and the employees of Western Satellite Office; this resulted in hurting teamwork spirit and cooperation within the organization. (Deckop, 2006, p. 110) Lack of Self awareness and accurate self-assessment Without self awareness and self-assessment, Mr. James was too quick to brush off the matter that Susan had presented to him. He was unable to accept useful feedback, and he didn’t have a realistic awareness of his strengths or limitations. As a result, it created problems in their work relationships and in their personal relationships. (Culbert, 1996, p. 115) Lack of Empathy When leaders fail to demonstrate sufficient empathy in times of hesitation or crisis, they will probable be seen as unresponsive, hardhearted and in-authentic- all of which will make workers be less supportive and less communicative. The boss may be left feeling misunderstood, and will have complexity â€Å"reading†their workers. This is exactly what Mr. James did and as a result, Susan’s ability to work drastically diminished and she became less concerned with her duties and responsibilities in the workplace. (Mathis, 2006, p. 120) Lack of Adaptability Without elasticity and adaptableness, Mr. James responded negatively to the core issue that was troubling his employee Susan. This revealed emotional strain to Susan since she had to shift priorities; expressed frustration with change; had difficulties adapting Mr. James responses and tactics to fit the emerging circumstance; and ultimately she was hesitant in taking on new challenges. (Max, 2004, p. 126) Lack of self-management Without good self management, Mr. James reacted precipitately when he predicted that there was bound to be conflict at work. This made him respond to problems in a non-constructive manner that resulted to unwanted consequences such as laxity amongst the employees (Susan). (Harris, 2001, p. 118) Conclusion In a civilized workplace, individuals who work well ought to be rewarded through decent pay, endorsement and new opportunities, the possibility to build up new skills, admiration from coworker and management, and the individual gratification and satisfaction that comes from doing a job well. Culture determines the type of management, communication, and cluster dynamics within the association. The employees usually recognize this as the excellence of work life which directs their measure of motivation. The concluding outcome is generally performance, human being satisfaction, individual growth and expansion. All these rudiments unite to build the model or structure that the association operates from. However, all these elements are not revealed in our case since Mr. James chose not to allow room for discussion. He lacked communication skills and empathy and as a result, there was poor turnover in Susan’s output. Generally, in an organization, employers should be open with their employees and allow a forum for discussion and participation. For instance in this case, Mr. James would have allowed Susan to present her queries and later on try to explain to her why the workers in New York had to receive a better pay than workers in Seattle. Moreover, there should be restructuring of some of the rules in Western Satellite Office and promote job enrichment. This will facilitate enlargement of the individuals within the association, better worker performance for the association, there will be maximum use of human resources for the general public at large (both in New York and Seattle), enlargement of the individual, and self-actualization of the individual.
Human Resource Management At Walt Disney World Resort Tourism Essay
Human Resource Management At Walt Disney World Resort Tourism Essay Theres probably no place on earth as magical as the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. The theme park continues to thrill, delight and exceed its guests expectations nearly 40 years after its opening. The secret to Disneys success is its well-trained, enthusiastic and motivated work force. Its a secret that the founder, Walt Disney himself realized years ago. You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world but it requires people to make the dream a reality, he said. A Brief History The Walt Disney World Resort, is the worlds largest and most visited recreational resort, covering 30,080-acres near Orlando, Florida, USA. The resort was founded with the opening of the Magic Kingdom theme park in 1971. It consists of four theme parks, two water parks, 23 resort hotels, lodges and time-share properties, sports facilities complex, and other recreational venues and entertainment. Epcot park was added in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989 and Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. This world famous resort was inspired by the dreams of Walt Disney and his creation of Disneyland in California. The resort is the largest single-site employer in the United States, employing 42,000 people, with over 3,000 different job classifications. More than 1000 people work in the security department alone. Hiring Disney is renowned for being a fun and friendly place at which to work. Its ability to offer attractive incentives make it a desirable place to work and it is constantly evaluating the market to ensure their wages remain competitive. All Disney employees participate in training programs that update them on the latest service techniques, product knowledge, and technology being used in their parks. Disney recruit both internally and externally, advertising vacancies on their website, via the press, job fairs, employment exchanges and colleges. There is a large quantity of college students working in Disney. Employment representatives also travel to Puerto Rico to recruit for positions such as housekeeping, custodial and food and beverage. It s 4 major employment strategies are: Hire the right people Develop people to deliver service quality Provide needed support systems Retain the best people Once potential employees have been identified, interviews follow. The skills and abilities that managers generally look for are: Excellent communication skills Good team player Self motivated Analytical ability Problem solver Leadership potential Strong computer skills Project management skills Relationships-builder Able to manage expectations Personal and professional style Strong business judgment Ability to facilitate and multitask A guest service orientation Disney theme parks promise to provide a superior service in order to create a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦imaginary world where visitors can escape the themes of the real world. To achieve this, the company has to employ people with the proper skills and personalities, who are also motivated, with a clear knowledge of the companys marketing objectives and strategies. Staff have to be polite, well dressed, energetic, enthusiastic, and people-loving, always serving guests whole-heartedly. All staff are provided with an extensive knowledge of the park facilities, rides, and sites. HRM Practises Disney believes in investing in its staff and provide various training programs and learning opportunities for employees to work their way into higher positions. The company promotes from within 70% of the time. Almost everyone including the managers start out in an entry-level hourly job (Disney almost completely promotes from within). There is a program to help hourly workers who want to become part of management, there is another that lets them transfer to the technical unions like plumbers and electricians as an apprentice. That program involves four years of training leading to a very well-paid job. Disney also give educational reimbursement for those who are continuing their education while working for Disney full-time. Supervisors try to create a family-like atmosphere in Disney by offering flexible schedules and on-site day care programs for working parents. . The company also host numerous special events for its employees that are held in the park after hours. Present day human resources practices at Disney are considered to be extraordinary, with all staff being trained in excellent customer satisfaction policies. However HR practices were very poor in the early years of Disney. The Walt Disney Company originated back in 1923, when Walt and Roy Disney started their first animated recording studio. Early animation production was highly labour-intensive. Rigid division of tasks was further delineated on gender lines. By 1941, the Walt Disney Company employed 1,100 people. Ellwood (1998) describes Walt Disney as a notorious workaholic, a perfectionist who pushed his staff relentlessly. Both paternalistic and domineering he rewarded loyalty and punished dissidents. There were no women or black people promoted to senior positions during this period. The company was the only Hollywood studio without union representation and as such was targeted by the American Federation of Labour. Eventually, animators took industrial action over conditions an d lack of recognition in 1941. By the end of the 1990s, the Walt Disney Company had developed into a $23 billion media conglomerate. Cast Members Employees in Disney are called cast members. Quality cast members are a direct result of quality hiring practices. Bonuses are paid to workers who refer new hires. Disney believes its important to have people who have actually worked in different parts of the company, to do the hiring. So these cast members working in the casting office, come from all different parts of the Disney organization, and work on 12-month assignments. While prospective cast members wait for their initial interviews, they watch a short video that describes the interview process and outlines what the company expects of them, if theyre successful. Once hired, all new cast members go through the same 1 and a half day training program called Traditions. Its here they learn the basics of being good cast members, from Disney history to direction on how to meet and exceed guest expectations. Cast members learn they must adhere to the companys strict 13 page manual of dress codes, known as the Disney Look. The Disney Look is a rigid code of cast member appearance that imposes a well-scrubbed, all-American look. It details the size of earrings allowed, to the size of finger nails, to the no tolerance rule regarding facial hair and dyed hair for both females and males. Disneys grooming standards make sense when you consider employees to be part of a cast of characters so there is no room for non-conformity. Every employee is instructed in the Seven Guidelines to Guest Service which highlights the need to smile and to be cheerful. From the very start, staff are encouraged to implement a have a nice day! mentality, and to smile the Disney smile all day. Casting Employees are routinely assigned jobs according to age and appearance, a process officially known as casting. The most presentable get the most popular front-line jobs and shifts. For example: Young and pretty workers get jobs that involve a lot of interaction with customers; Haitian women generally work in housekeeping; Older women sell in the shops Older men work in security Puerto Recons work in food preparation African Americans work as stewards or cooks, More than a 100 Africans are employed in the Animal Kingdom, to lend authentic flavour. Anyone who might appear less presentable work on the night shift Cast Members receive some excellent benefits including: Health, Dental, Life Insurance Complimentary Theme Park Passports Learning and Development Opportunities Paid holidays, vacations, and sick days Retirement plan. Scholarship Program 30% Discount on park merchandise Employee Stock Purchase Program Access to a Cast Member-only lake and recreation area with tennis, volleyball, and an Olympic-size swimming pool. Educational Reimbursement Educational Matching Gifts Program Service Awards Employee Cast Member Contests Childcare Centres Credit Unions Employee Stores Cast Members usually work 40 hours or more each week, with quality service being the responsibility of every one. Each one measures service quality levels, establish benchmarks and set goals, as there is no person in charge of quality. Instead of one quality director, Disney has 42,000 of them. (Paton S. M. Service Quality, Disney Style, Quality Digest) Disney University Many hours have been devoted to designing successful employee universities which train workers in the Disneyland philosophy. Walt Disney established the Disney University to teach these unique skills. The University provides cast members with free world-class training in diverse skills including computer applications, professional development, management/leaderships development, health safety, interviewing, business, etc. Empowerment Disney is committed to employee empowerment. Employees are empowered to resolve all guest issues on their own, with managers only getting involved in extreme circumstances. Managers use service measurement teams to empower employees. 1 or 2 employees from each department take note of any service issues that might take from a guests stay at the resort. By keeping records of every problem, and how it was dealt with, helps to reduce the chances of it happening again. To keep up-to-date with their guests expectations, Disney also collects huge amounts of data about guests from opinion polls, surveys, focus groups etc. From this information, the company know that the top three things that guests expect are for the parks to be clean, friendly and fun. Every worker, from the CEO to cleaner, know these 3 expectations well, and is empowered to make them happen. All employees know, too, the definition of quality at Disney: Disney defines quality as attention to detail and exceeding guest expectations. Performance Appraisals Management use performance appraisals and performance surveys, to measure internal service quality. The annual performance appraisal is designed to give the employee a broad perspective of his/her accomplishment from the previous year and to identify upcoming challenges. Another strategy employed by managers to deliver service quality, are monthly development action plans. (DAPs) (Zeithaml and Bitner, 2000) Rewards Disney certainly know the true value of retaining productive employees. Annual turnover amongst its employees is only 20%. This low turnover is made possible by treating employees like resort guests, and the extensive employees reward programs, Disney offers. There are in excess of 50 different reward and recognition programs, that are geared towards maintaining high employee morale, the most prestigious award being the Partners in Excellence program. This award involves one employee nominating another employee (who has excellent attendance and no disciplinary action record). The nominated employee then receives a bronze statue of the company founder, Walt Disney, and is invited to a dinner ceremony where he/she is individually recognized for his/her outstanding accomplishments by company executives. Disney also rewards employees through service pins, attendance awards, and Recognition-O-Grams (ROGs). Recipients usually wear service pins on their uniforms, which they receive service pins on their first, fifth, tenth, twentieth and twenty-fifth anniversaries. Attendance awards are also offered to employees after one, three, five, ten and fifteen years of perfect attendance. The awards range from honorary certificates to a $2000 gift certificate. Recession hits Disney Theme Parks Like many other industries, the entertainment industry has been affected by the world economic downturn. Early this year, Disney reported a 32% drop in net income for its fiscal first quarter of 2010, attributing the results to the recessions effects on its studio, television and parks. The Walt Disney Co. axed 1,900 jobs from its theme parks in California and Florida. Walt Disney World in Orlando eliminated 1,400 jobs. The original Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, axed 300 positions. The rest of the jobs were eliminated at the companys corporate headquarters at Burbank. These decisions are not made lightly, but are essential to maintaining our leadership in family tourism and reflect todays economic realities, said Mike Griffin, a Walt Disney World spokesman. Those laid off received a 60-day paid administrative leave, a severance package that is based on their years of service, extended medical benefits, and job placement. According to the Los Angeles Times: Disney is bracing for an extended downturn as people skip theme parks to save money. The recession, and the recent decline, has really hit the theme park industry, but it has hit the destination parks more than the regional parks, People are staying closer to home, the newspaper said. Trade Unions Workers are represented by 34 unions, the biggest being the Service Trade Council Union (STCU), The STCU represents about 22,000 F/T and 5,000 P/T workers at Disney World. The SEIU is part of the STCU, a consortium of six trade unions that is the only group certified to bargain with the Disney company. In the last two years alone, Disneyland Resort has successfully negotiated nine agreements with the union. These agreements included wage increases, sick pay and access to seven affordable and reliable health care plans offered through Disneys Signature benefits package for full-time cast members. Conclusion This essay looked at the human resource practises that have been adopted at Disney in order to maximize the delivery of superior guest services. Reasons for the companys success include emphasis on customer service, and a focus on the elements of efficiency, courtesy, show, and safety. It has shown how employee strategies at Disney lead to the attainment of exceptional service quality. Disney takes a lot of care with its casting department and regularly assess its pay packages and new ways of recruiting. It offers a competitive package of wages and incentives to its staff, such as free park admission and discounts on park merchandise. In the past, Disneys theme parks has been fairly recession-proof. But this year, fewer people found their way to the Magic Kingdom as profits were down from 2008-10. Disney said the company manages its operation based on demand, and like any other business it is subject to the ups and downs of the economy Its important that management stress to workers that employee development and empowerment is an on-going process, as the actions of empowered employees have enabled Disney to develop a lasting relationship with millions of guests worldwide. The human resource department must continually develop successful recruiting strategies and effective reward and recognition programs to maintain high morale and promote teamwork.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
The City Of La-la-land Essay example -- Los Angeles, California
The old building. Created out of wood, bricks and stone. Remembers the forest that became a field that became a city. Remembers every moment, every story, that it was told. Listen to the old building. Listen to the tales, that are recorded in the walls. To the stories trapped in the bricks. It has much to say. Much to show. Los Angeles: the city of illusions,fakes, fantasies, and dreamers. The building in Los Angeles resemble the different ethnic people who live in this strange city, they are Unique and Imaginative. Much of the buildings located in Los Angeles are constructed to look contemporary, bizarre, and/or shaped to resemble something entirely different, for example a cupcake. The buildings, like some of the people who inhabit the city of Los Angeles, are there to entertain the audience. Each unique building represents bits and pieces of what Los Angeles is. However, which one reveals what Los Angeles is known for? What represents the immense amount of culture, the beautiful (fake) people, the expensive taste, and the eccentric architecture. Which building shows a city constructed out of people’s dreams. The Fowler Museum, Griffith Observatory, The Staples Center, Bradbury Building, Stahl House, and Grauman’s Chinese Theater; all capture the image that Los Angeles shows. Hundreds of thousands of Hollywood's most famous celebrities have graced the halls of the Chinese Theatre, at movie premieres and ceremonies. In the Book Hollywood Cinema written by Richard Maltby, he saysâ€Å"it was once stated ‘To visit Los Angeles and not see the Chinese Theater is like visiting China and not seeing the Great Wall’ [Grauman’s] Chinese Theater has been a part of Los Angeles history for over seventy five years†. The Chinese Theater, in Holl... ...From the movies that are shown, to famous cemented handprints of celebrities, to the building itself, shows how this city has been constructed out of dreams, illusion, and fantasy. The pictures, movies and celebrities-that were produced by the media, and shown in the Grauman’s Chinese Theater- made people start thinking,acting and looking a different way. The media drilled into the populations mind that the civilians of Los Angeles should be like the people the had created in their work. The media created the perfect guideline of what every person in this city should have, should look, and act like, creating the beautiful fake people we have today. The Grauman’ Chinese Theater best captures Los Angeles. It Shows exactly what the city and the people of Los Angeles is, a perfect movie. â€Å"La-la-land: A place or state that is out of touch with reality.†(dictionary.com)
Monday, August 19, 2019
Eating Disorders :: Anorexia Nervosa
Most people can hardly feel hunger nowadays, and food has very different meaning depends on people. For some people, food will be as an act of nurture, food as memory, and happiness but for other people food will be food as guilty, as sin, and ban. In present time, although their weight is normal, women keep trying to lose their weight, because they want to show thin. And also long time ago, women did not think about their weight, but in present time’s women want to lose their weight. Women need to rethink about losing their weight, because when women cook in kitchen it is the most beautiful looks. Most women think about diet 365days, although she is thin and skinny women. This is nowadays women looks. However I can understand the thinking of present women, because I am a woman. I know food is good, and food always give to happiness and memory, but women could not eat their fill, because they do not want to shock next day. It is responsible for developing of mass media, if media does not develop then, we do not know standard of women, whether is skinny or not. However, mass media has been developed, we cannot stop the diet. When you see a television, all actresses are thin and beautiful. When you buy clothes, there is more choice of buying for clothes, when you are thin. That is why women decide to diet, because all of women’s wish become a thin and skinny girl, and buy clothes whatever they want to. Unfortunately, some people get disease which called eating disorder. From the Wikipedia, the definition of ‘eating disorder’ is a compulsion to eat, or avoid eating, that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health (Wikipedia). Too many people who work in modeling, get this disease, because a model is wearing the designer’s clothes and show the people how look like, so model and designer believe that thin model can show clothes well. Therefore many numbers of designers prefer thin model. However, several models were died from low weight. Therefore, the accusation of modeling said that designer cannot work with low weight of models, but still designers look for skinny model. There is important point as well. One of article shows the data which came from National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Association of Disorders, ‘there are many teenager have disorder.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Burrhus Frederic Skinner Essays -- B.F. Skinner Psychologists Psycholo
Burrhus Frederic Skinner People do on a day to day basis, many actions without realizing it, and most of the time, they don’t know why they do them. Certain reinforcements, some positive, and some negative have conditioned their actions and thoughts. All organisms, including humans, are greatly influenced by the consequences produced by their own behavior. The environment holds the key to most of the changes that occur in the way a person behaves and a human’s own behavior brings consequences that change his or her actions (B. F. Skinner). Dr. B.F. Skinner forged the theory of Behaviorism, â€Å"a school of psychology that rejects the unobservable and focuses on patterns of responses to external rewards and stimuli†(Skinner, B. F.). Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born March 20, 1904, and raised in Susquehana, Pennsylvania, where his father worked as a lawyer and his mother was a strong and intelligent housewife (Boeree). Skinner’s parents encouraged him in his schoolwork, and he was well read as a child (B. F. Skinner). B. F. was â€Å"an active, out-going boy who loved the outdoors and building things, and actually enjoyed school†(Boeree). He enjoyed literature and biology especially (B. F. Skinner). Skinner attended Hamilton College in New York State (R. W. Kentridge). â€Å"He didn’t fit in very well, not enjoying the fraternity parties or the football games. He wrote for school paper, including articles critical of the school, the faculty, and even Phi Beta Kappa! To top it off, he was an atheist – in a school that required daily chapel attendance†(Boeree). He continued to read widely and to pursue interests in literature and biology. He began to write a lot of fiction and poetry, and became known as an aspiring poet. After his junior year, he attended the Summer School of English at Breadloaf, where he met Robert Frost (B. F. Skinner). When he graduated, â€Å"he planned to spend a year writing a novel, but found that he had nothing to write about and suffered through what he would later refer to his ‘dark year’†. Skinner considered pursuing graduate study in English, but eventually settled on psychology instead. â€Å"The choice of psychology followed Skinner’s realization that what intrigued him about literature was actually human behavior, a topic he felt could be approached more suitably through science†(B. F. Skinner). The writi ngs of Frances Bacon had interested... ...ood and bad. He tested his theory by inventing the Skinner Box and operant behavior. With his theories and testing, people now know how the many actions they perform throughout the day, and why they perform them. Works Cited A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: B. F. Skinner. PBS. 15 May 2000. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh.aso/databank/entries/bhskin.html>. B.F. Skinner. Boise State University. 9 May 2000. <http://education.boisestate.edu/FACHTML/cohort3/skinner.htm>. B.F. Skinner Foundation - Documents - A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior. The B.F Skinner Foundation. 14 May 2000. <http://www.bfskinner.org>. Boeree, Dr. C. George. B.F. Skinner. 9 May 2000. <http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/skinner.html>. Leahey, Thomas H. "Skinner, B.F." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1995 ed. R. W. Kentridge. Skinner Box. 17 May 2000. <http://www.biozentrum.uni- wuerzburg.de/genetics/behavior/learning/Skinnerbox.html>. Skinner, B. F. 17 May 2000. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/11954.html>. Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974. Skinner, B. F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillian, 1953.
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