What factors will affect the time of a falling paper cone

What factors will affect the time of a falling paper cone The issue raised is the motion of paper made cones within air as they are released. The time that the cone will take to reach ground level from the moment of its release depends on several variables, which have to be investigated in order to conclude whether changing them would be relevant in affecting the period of time needed. Hypothesis There are several factors which theoretically could affect the time, assuming that the air is homogenous throughout the room and by using the same paper. We have to understand that a higher or a lower top speed will be the factor which changes the time needed. Thus the factors affecting top speed will have to be investigated. These are shape, top angle, height, type of paper and resistive forces. Some can be cancelled out before experimentation as we know from theory that a mass difference will not affect the free falling object (it will actually but to a negligible extent). Experimentation To investigate how different factors change the time needed one would have to set up a laboratory experiment. Immediately one encounters the first issue: how far will the paper cone will have to be put in order to reach its terminal velocity? As paper cones are quite light in terms of mass one can assume that a 3 meter chute is all right, as according to Newtonian physics the drag (air resistance), i.e. the upwards force will soon be equal to the weight of the paper. The aforementioned variables (top angle, resistive forces) will have to be tested by using different values. To achieve this, the experimenter will have to probe those relationships. Size: cones of different sizes but same paper will have different masses but this will not affect the time as weight is not a criterion after terminal velocity has been reached. Drag coefficient: the drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity which determines the aerodynamic properties of an object. The smaller it is, the lower the resistive values of fluid air. For instance for a normal cone it is of 0.5 whilst a cube has a drag coefficient (Cd) of about 1.05[1]. The formula to find this value is Cd= Fd / 0.5Và Ã‚ . The airs density is an uncontrollable constant whereas the mass shall be manipulated in order to see the effect. The experimenter will create three cones of different mass, let them drop off from a same height and observe. The time shall be measured. Apparatus Only simple tools such as a scale, a stopwatch or rulers shall be used, no complicated machines such as lasers or position sensors. Variables: Uncontrollable constants: airs fluidity Controllable variables: mass, shape, aerodynamics Uncontrollable variables: time Diagram of set up CONES Cone a is the sample cone Cone b is the same shape and material as A but is an scaled up version. This is done so that the effects of mass difference can be investigated. Cone c is the same size as A but is made of a different kind of paper, a rougher one. This is done so that the effects of the cones aerodynamics can be investigated. Cone d is of different shape than the B but has the same surface area (thus the same mass). This is done to investigate how much the steepness of the sides will affect the cone. The cone is dropped from 3 meters and simultaneously the stopwatch sets off. As it hits the earth the chronometer will have to be stopped. The figures are recorded. The process is repeated at least 5 times with all cones and thus an average is drawn. Thereafter the results are compared. The smaller the time needed, the more aerodynamic the shape is. [1] http://web.archive.org/web/20070715171817/http://aerodyn.org/Drag/tables.html

The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers

The Industrial Revolution Imagine living in a world in which rights governed society. The people participate in a free market, and property is seen as "an inviolable and sacred right" that cannot be taken away.(1) This glorious idea is called liberalism. Liberalism emerged whole-heartedly during the Nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Followers of liberalism believe in the rights of the individual, especially the right to property. Early in its developement, this idea caused deep clashes between the middle class, called the bourgeoisie, and the working class, called the proletariat. These clashes created opposition to the liberal movement; communism became the supporter of this opposition. Many philosophers pushed the development of liberalism. The most persuasive were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. Smith is often considered the founder of liberalism. Smith "looked forward to a new world, which would escape the sophistry and meanness of medieval Christian thought, but would recourse to...authoritarian political oppression."(2) Smith wanted to make profits with little risk involved. He also believed a constitutional government would prevent government intervention with markets. Free markets allowed for more and cheaper goods, and they would benefit the greatest amount of people the greatest amount of the time. This was called laissez-faire. Smith also believed the state should be responsible for the "stipends of the priests."(3) This was government intervention of an individual right, freedom of religion. Because of Smith's beliefs towards religion, he was somewhat unpopular among Nineteenth-century liberals. These liberals chose to disregard Smith as the founder and preferred to regard David Ricardo... ...irtue; The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 193. - Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty Wealth. and Virtue, 159. - Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, Volume II, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996), 523. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 125. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 126-7. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 519. - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/2 - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/14 - Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto," in Sources for the Humanities: Hisotory and Religious Studies, First ed., 48. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 515. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 30. The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers The Industrial Revolution Imagine living in a world in which rights governed society. The people participate in a free market, and property is seen as "an inviolable and sacred right" that cannot be taken away.(1) This glorious idea is called liberalism. Liberalism emerged whole-heartedly during the Nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Followers of liberalism believe in the rights of the individual, especially the right to property. Early in its developement, this idea caused deep clashes between the middle class, called the bourgeoisie, and the working class, called the proletariat. These clashes created opposition to the liberal movement; communism became the supporter of this opposition. Many philosophers pushed the development of liberalism. The most persuasive were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. Smith is often considered the founder of liberalism. Smith "looked forward to a new world, which would escape the sophistry and meanness of medieval Christian thought, but would recourse to...authoritarian political oppression."(2) Smith wanted to make profits with little risk involved. He also believed a constitutional government would prevent government intervention with markets. Free markets allowed for more and cheaper goods, and they would benefit the greatest amount of people the greatest amount of the time. This was called laissez-faire. Smith also believed the state should be responsible for the "stipends of the priests."(3) This was government intervention of an individual right, freedom of religion. Because of Smith's beliefs towards religion, he was somewhat unpopular among Nineteenth-century liberals. These liberals chose to disregard Smith as the founder and preferred to regard David Ricardo... ...irtue; The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 193. - Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty Wealth. and Virtue, 159. - Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, Volume II, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996), 523. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 125. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 126-7. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 519. - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/2 - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/14 - Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto," in Sources for the Humanities: Hisotory and Religious Studies, First ed., 48. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 515. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 30.

George Eliot: An Intrusive Author

An omniscient narrator and in addition a constantly interfering one ensures that the reader is well informed about re opinion and hardly is able to form an own one different from hers. However she pretends to look at her characters in a scientific way. The subtitle sounds like a title for a dissertation: ‘Study of Provincial Life' which calls for objectivity. Eliot very seldom directly states her personal opinion, like when she says: â€Å"For my part I am very sorry for him† (Elliot G. :3. 29) In contrast to the â€Å"strong [microscopic] lens applied to Mrs. Stepladder's matchmaking† (Elliot G. L . 6). The reason for this scientific approach might be a deep desire to morally lift up society and this way she tries to Influence humankind. Eliot had a secular understanding of morality. Newton sees it â€Å"as signs of an excessive moralist† (Newton K. M. ). However I do not agree with him, but believe that she wanted to spread and propagate her opinion and i mprove humankind as the intrusive narrator comments â€Å"We are all of us born into moral stupidity, taking the world as an udder to feed our supreme selves' (Elliot G. :2. 21 ).She is a child of Victorian writing and â€Å"places humans at the centre of 1 the cosmic stage, In the place of God (Department of English Studies. 2008:79). Her spectacles towards religion and how religious people should conduct them In cuisines Is shown In the contrasting characters of Mr. Caleb Garth and Mr. Bolstered. Bolstered is a devoutly religious banker in Middleware. â€Å"It was a principle with Mr. God† (Elliot 6. :2. 16). Although he does a lot of good things like the fever hospital, the narrator let him appear as a disagreeable hypocrite.During the course of the story the reader learns that he has a questionable past and even made his fortune through omission of telling the truth, by not admitting the existence of Will Ladies mother as the daughter of the widow he married. At the end he does not only try to rib Will Ladies and Legate, but also indirectly commits murder. Even so he still manages for his own mental sake to distort all proceedings as it were God's will although â€Å"he went through a great deal of spiritual conflict and inward argument in order to adjust his motives, and make clear to himself what God's glory required. (Elliot 6. :3. 32). However people were skeptical about him and did not trust him fully. Kayaked sees the root of his hypocrisy in his continual striving for self- deception (Kayaked G. 2003). In addition Bolstered was less concerned with applied eligibility but with a â€Å"spiritual kind of rescue [which] was a genuine need with him. 0 He was simply a man whose desires had been stronger than his theoretic beliefs, and who had gradually explained the gratification of his desires into satisfactory agreement with those beliefs† (Elliot 6. 4. 61). The narrator's gives us her moral opinion right after this passage â€Å"This implicit reasoning is essentially nor more peculiar to evangelical belief than the use of wide phrases for narrow motives is peculiar to Englishmen† and â€Å"there is no general doctrine which is not capable of dating out our morality if unchecked by the deep-seated habit of direct fellow-feeling with individual fellow-men† (Elliot 6. :4. 65). Balustrade's preference is also expressed in the choice of 2 Mr. Tyke who â€Å"is a real Gospel preacher† (Elliot G. 4. 18) in opposition to Mr. Freebooter because he does not teach his opinion â€Å"which he calls spiritual religion† (Elliot 6. :4. 17). In the case of Bolstered I believe George Eliot wants to teach the moral lesson: the higher you climb, the father you fall'. As Mr. Balustrade's aim was to be â€Å"an eminent Christian† (Elliot 6. :5. 52) his disgrace was all the worth at the end. The opposite of Mr. Bolstered what concerns business and religiosity is Mr. Garth and his family. Mr. Garth doe s not constantly talk about religion but lives it.He helps where he can even if he puts himself and his family in trouble and has a most forgiving sole. He lends the money to Fred, who actually should have more money than himself and is neither angry nor regrets his decision when he is told that Fred cannot pay it back, although this meaner that his own son has to sacrifice his education. He is an example of altruism and applied religiosity. He is described as an honest, discreet ad hard irking man who expects everyone around him to act the same way.In contrast to Mr. Bolstered George Elliot promotes through Mr. Garth a religion of man, not of God and an understanding of religion which is based on the fellowship amongst men rather than the personal satisfaction of his ego. Humanity is the centre of Elite's belief and she stresses the importance of men taking responsibility for their actions viewed sympathetic identification?altruism?as the antidote to the enervating effects of egois m or self-interest which political economists had argued' (Christianson F. ). For me the family of Mr. Garth is an impressing example of how Christianity should be lived and applied.Mr. Garth sees fulfillment in his work and enjoys the improvement of conditions without thinking about payment. He wants to improve society with his work and is satisfied if he sees progress and that he has done a good job. It is important for him â€Å"to have the 3 chance of getting a bit of the country into good fettle, as they say, and putting men into the right way with their farming, and getting a bit of good contriving and solid building done?that those who are living and those who come after will be the better or† (Elliot 6. :4. 40).He loves his work, but despises business and therefore he often does not charge for his work. As a result the family is poor, but happy. Others are drinking or gambling but his bad habit â€Å"is to work without being paid† (Elliot 6. :3. 24). Caleb find s delight in the sight of people working and listening to their sounds, which â€Å"had acted on him as poetry without the aid of the poets, had made a philosophy for him without the aid of philosophers, a religion without the aid of theology' (Elliot G. : 3. 24). Mr. Garth and his family show the worth of hard work, good sense, and practical kindness.They demonstrate the virtue of doing the necessary work that lies at hand, rather than planning to save the world (Kayaked G. 2003). They also do not care about ranks and what people say. â€Å"He thought very well of all ranks, but he would not himself have liked to be of any rank in which he had not such close contact with ‘business† (Elliot 6. :3. 24). In contrary Mr. Bolstered cares about rank and buys Featheriness property to rise in rank. Rank and class is also great important to Fred and a constant issue to Will Ladies.Fred Vinci and Will Ladies is another contrasting couple in similar situations. Although Eliot do es not seem to condemn rank absolutely, she views it from several perspectives. On one hand there is the whole Vinci family who is extremely status conscious. Fred is constantly aware of his rank which makes him a self-indulged, â€Å"pleasure seeking† (Elliot 6. :3. 23) and idle man who thinks he has a right to prosperity without work and effort. Fred was brought up in a way he never had to think about money and also not to think about a way he should earn it. The children had no standard of economy' (Elliot G. :3. 23). Rank was of great 4 importance and â€Å"even when Caleb Garth was prosperous, the Evinces were on undiscerning terms with him and his wife, for there were nice distinctions of rank in Middleware; and though old manufacturers could not any more than dukes be connected with none but equals, they were conscious of an inherent social superiority which was defined with great nicety in practice, though hardly expressible enjoying the sense of belonging to no clas s† (Elliot 6. :5. 46). Will finds his position to be liberating.He doesn't have to follow the same social rules as everyone else. If he wants to lie on the rug instead of sitting bolt upright in a chair, he lies on the rug. Ladies and Fred both were sponsored by other people. Fred by his father and Ladies by Mr. Cubans, but Eliot shows, that there are different ways to handle this situation. Ladies works for Mr. Brooke and never considers whether this is appropriate for him or not. Others, like Mr. Cheetah, criticism his conduct. Fred instead thinks work is below his standard and not appropriate.In addition he lives beyond his meaner and has no problem in indenting himself. He believes he â€Å"had a right to be free from anything disagreeable† (Elliot 6. :3. 23) and winced under the idea of being looked down upon as wanting funds for small debts. However 160 pounds were not really small debts, but Fred could ask nobody else than Mr. Garth who was the â€Å"poorest and the kindest† (Elliot 6. :3. 23). Finally Fred is pulled out of his situation through the Garth family. Elite's secular understanding of morality includes the belief in the possibility of moral growth and responsibility of men for their actions.Still this growth is only possible with the support of the society. This is the reason why her individuals are necessarily part of society and those who cut themselves off from society fail. Eliot is most concerned with the improvement of society (Kayaked G. 2003). Fred is a good example that even though he has false tendencies he is able 5 to change, although this is only possible with the help of others, namely Mary and Mr. Garth. Mr. Garth always believed in Fed and was sure â€Å"the lad would turn out well† (Elliot 6. :3. 3), however he thinks that Fred â€Å"hasn't got a principle in him to make him more afraid of doing the wrong thing by others than of getting his own toes pinched† (Elliot 6. :3. 25). In contrary La dies has honor and principle although he is in a similar situation and depends on money of others. In Will Ladies Eliot created a character that shows not only pride but also perseverance. Eliot conveys her understanding of morality through a realistic presentation. She does this to make her readers believe that no matter how hard the circumstances are, man can act morally (Kayaked G. 2003).Ladies neither accepts Balustrade's money nor the payment from Mr. Cubans when he did not agree with him any longer and he is proud of the fact that his mother kept clear of the shady dealings of her father's business, and his grandmother, who was willing to sacrifice her family fortune to marry the man she Ovid. Both Fred and Ladies show that the individual has a choice in his own life. This way Eliot questions the issue of determinism and free will. She conceives that man's life and choice are basically determined, but man is still responsible for his choices and acts as he retains the faculty of free will (Kayaked G. 003). Otherwise it would not have been possible for Ladies to marry Throated in spite of the financial pressures of Caboose's codicil and the prejudices of the Middleware citizens regarding his mixed descent with his â€Å"dangerously mixed blood† (Elliot 6. :5. 46). Eliot obviously does not agree with these kinds of prejudices and stereotypes as she little children† and nice to older ladies (Elliot G. :5. 46). 6 Elite's attitude towards women and marriage are another interesting point. Women play a very important role in Middleware and are a driving force behind the men.Also Mr. Garth knows that and insists that Fred â€Å"loves Mary and a true love for a good woman is a great thing, 0 it shapes many rough fellow' (Elliot 6. :6. 56). On the other side Mary is aware of men's needs and knows that â€Å"husbands are an inferior class of men, who require keeping in order† (Elliot 6. :8. 77). Also Mrs.. Garth supports her husband by stressin g out that the right thinking inside of a person is what he has to follow no matter what other people say about you. Mimi must have it inside you that your plan is right and that plan you follow' (Elliot 6. :4. 40).Both Ladies and Fred are strongly influenced and directed by women. In Fried's case Marry is the one who leads him on the right pass. She would not marry him, because she sees that they cannot make a life together unless he finds his true place in the world. The church is for Mary obviously not the true place as she thinks he would be a ridiculous clergyman. Mary is not blinded by class or rank, but sees in Fred an â€Å"idle frivolous creature† (Elliot 6. :3. 25). She shows more pride than he has. â€Å"l should be ashamed to say that I loved a man who must always be hanging on others, and reckoning on what they would do for him† (Elliot 6. 3. 25). Therefore Mary tries to make a responsible man out of Fred, one that is acting and not only talking so he can be respected like her father is. Also Throated is responsible for Will's career. Trochee's great quality is her ability to influence people by the strength of her idealism, and this has ruefully affected Ladies: â€Å"But that simplicity of hers, holding up an ideal for others in her believing conception of them, was one of the great powers of her womanhood. And it had from the first acted strongly on Will Ladies 0, he felt that in her mind he had found his highest estimate (Elliot G. 8. 77). Without the influence of Throated, we are made to feel, Ladies would have remained a rootless aesthete. However 7 Will's love for Throated is giving and altruistic. He wants to protect her and lift her up. He â€Å"always seemed to see more in what she said than herself saw' (Elliot 6. 4. 37). In Middleware women have great power and influence on their husbands. However Eliot promotes their subordinate position which is expressed in the duty of the wives to support and follow their husbands n o matter what happens. Mrs..Bolstered bears her husband and chooses to live with less comfort and stay with him although he has to leave Middleware in disgrace. She acts differently from her niece Roseland who is not willing to share the hardship of her husband, but is shown as an eccentric and selfish character in contrast to Throated who submissively accepts her role as Mr. f her characters conveys her attitude either as good or as bad example. Determinism and free will as well as the humanistic and applied side of religion are her major concerns.

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